Spinal Infections
A spine infection is a rare but potentially devastating condition that occurs when bacteria or fungi invade the spinal structures. The infection can affect the vertebrae (vertebral osteomyelitis), the intervertebral discs (discitis), or the space around the spinal cord (spinal epidural abscess). These infections can lead to severe pain, destruction of spinal bones causing instability and deformity, and compression of the spinal cord or nerves, which can result in permanent paralysis. Due to its serious nature, a spine infection requires prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment to prevent catastrophic outcomes.
Spine infections typically occur when bacteria travel through the bloodstream from another infected site, with individuals who have weakened immune systems or diabetes being at higher risk. The infection can settle in the bone (vertebral osteomyelitis), the disc (discitis), or form a dangerous spinal epidural abscess. The hallmark symptom is severe, constant back pain that is often worse at night and accompanied by fever or chills. If the infection compresses the spinal cord, it can cause critical neurological symptoms like weakness, numbness, or a loss of bladder and bowel control.
A spine infection is diagnosed using blood tests and an MRI with contrast to visualize the infected area. A CT-guided biopsy is often performed to identify the specific organism and guide treatment. The cornerstone of therapy is a long course of targeted intravenous (IV) antibiotics. Surgery is reserved for emergencies like a nerve-compressing abscess, for spinal instability, or if antibiotic treatment fails. The procedure involves cleaning out the infection (debridement) and may include a fusion to restore stability.
Spine infections are a serious medical challenge requiring a lengthy and intensive treatment course. Early diagnosis is the key to preventing irreversible damage. With a prompt and accurate diagnosis, targeted long-term antibiotic therapy, and timely surgical intervention when necessary, most patients can be cured of the infection and can achieve a good functional recovery, although rehabilitation can be a long process.